Intelligent Design: Philosophy and History of Theory - Author's Introduction

Intelligent Design: Philosophy and History of Theory - Author's Introduction Current situation [1] In December 2004, the British philosopher Anthony Flew made headlines around the world when he abandoned his lifelong atheistic doctrine,[2] one of the factors contributing to his decision was the DNA's Intelligent Design Guide.[3] That same month, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a lawsuit to prevent the Dover School in Pennsylvania from informing its students that a reference book existed in the school library through which they could study and learn design theses.[4] The following February, The Wall Street Journal published a report by David Kleinhofer on the punishment inflicted on an evolutionary scientist at the Smithsonian Institution, who holds two doctorates in his field, for publishing a well-argued scientific article on intelligent design theory. Since 2005, the theory of intelligent design has been surrounded by a wave of international media coverage, and has been prominently covered in the most famous newspapers; The New York Times, Nature, The Times, The Independent of London, Sekai Nippo of Tokyo, The Times of India, Der Spiegel, and The Jerusalem Post. Recently, a major conference on intelligent design was held in Prague, attended by 700 scientists, students and researchers from different regions, such as the United States, Europe and Africa, all of which indicates that the theory of intelligent design has attracted the attention of the world. But what is this theory? And where did it originate? And why did it inspire and inspire so many to make efforts to suppress it? According to a series of recent media reports, intelligent design theory is a new theory of those that try to find an alternative to evolution, based on faith and religious certainty rather than scientific evidence. The theory is characterized as a restructuring of the creationism put forward by fundamentalists to circumvent the 1987 U.S. Supreme Court decision, which recognizes the prohibition of the teaching of creationism in public schools in the United States, and during the last two years, several important magazines and news papers have published these rhetorical suits in the United States and around the world. As one of the founders of the theory of intelligent design, and a director at the research center that supports the work of scientists who support the development of the theory, I would say that they are baseless claims. The theory of intelligent design was not a pilgrim development in response to the legal setback suffered by creationists in 1987, but was first introduced in the late 1970s and early 1980s by a group of scientists ("Charles Thaxton", "Walter Bradley" and "Roger Olson"), in their attempt to respond to one of the mysteries of contemporary biology, the origin of information encoded in DNA chains. Thaxton and his colleagues concluded that the properties of the information stored in DNA give strong evidence for a preconceived but undefined intelligent design, and they presented this idea in a book they published in 1984, and three years after publishing their book, the U.S. Supreme Court – in the well-known case Edward v. Aguilard – passed a ban on the teaching of creationism. In the early 1960s and 1970s, physicists began to revisit the design thesis, many of whom were astonished by the discovery that the laws and constants of physics were fine-tuned to make life possible: as the astronomer Fred Hoyle put it, fine-tuning the laws and constants of physics suggests an intelligent design has manipulated physics to our advantage. Contemporary interest in the design thesis far predates the judgmental fact of preventing creationists from teaching their theory; indeed, intelligent design theory fundamentally contradicts its content and its creationist methodology, which bases its theses on the Bible; whereas intelligent design theory was founded to try to explain and explain some of the images and forms we observe in nature, which constantly indicate a causal existence based on the causal system one of the most important laws on which our world is based. Hence, the conclusions of the theory of intelligent design are based on empirical evidence; moreover, its inferences do not rely on any religious reference. As for the content of the theory, it is also different from that of the creationists; creationism is defined, according to the Supreme Court of the United States, as defending certain readings and interpretations in the Book of Genesis from the Bible, specifically emphasizing the literality of what is stated in the Bible that God created the earth in a period of six days, every day four and ten hours, a few thousand years ago. While, intelligent design theory offers no explanation for Genesis, does not talk about any model to explain the biblical time-length of creation days, and does not suggest any possible age of the Earth, instead, it offers a causal explanation for the observed complexity of life and nature. Intelligent design is an evidence-based scientific theory that discusses the origin of life and clearly challenges the materialistic view of evolution. According to evolutionary biologists such as Richard Dawkins of the University of Oxford, living systems “appear to be designed for a purpose.” Neo-Darwinism posits that never-directed processes such as natural selection and random mutations are perfectly capable of producing living systems with highly complex design-inspiring entities, arguing that natural selection can simulate highly intelligent forces without itself being guided by any form of intelligence. In contrast, intelligent design theory holds that there are many natural phenomena with intelligent properties in living systems and the universe as a whole, for example: properties of information encoded in DNA, machines and microscopic circuits in cells, and fine-tuning in the laws and constants of physics; they can be better explained by ascribing them to an intelligent cause rather than undirected physical processes. Intelligent design theory does not challenge the idea of "evolution", defined as change over time, or the existence of a common ancestor, but it does contradict Darwin's idea that the productive cause of biological change is an undirected blind process. Life either arose as a result of purely physical processes, or there is design intelligence that has played a role in the creation of life; design theorists argue for the validity of the latter, and assert that living things appear to be designed, because they really are. [1] This article was published in October 2008, and since then has been in progress for the better. [3] DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, and in this translation it will only be called DNA for short. [4] For more details on this case, please refer to the (retrial) series of Braheen Center releases. - Dr. Steven Meyer. — Source: Brahin Center website - Published on 2016-11-02 (archived at the Internet Archive) https://braheen.com/publications/intros/التصميم-الذكي-فلسفة-وتاريخ-النظرية-مقدمة-المؤلف