Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Evolution or Design? (4)

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2018: Evolution or Design? (4) As we explained in the third part of this year’s commentary on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, the environment in directed evolution is entirely artificial, and if it proves anything, it validates the assumption that nothing can be created in life without design and intelligence. The area in which natural conditions are simulated is that of experimental evolution, such as the experiments of Richard Lensky and others. As in the accompanying video, Behe explains in his book The Edge of Evolution: The Search for Darwinism's Limits in more detail: “In the early 1990s, Lenski and his colleagues began to develop Escherichia coli in vials. ... The order of the two bottles is about six or seven times larger than a billion people. Every day, a section of bacteria is transferred to a new vial. Thirty thousand generations of Escherichia coli have now passed, born and died in Lenski’s lab, which is roughly 10 million years of human history. The work on E. coli pointed in the same general direction... where the laboratory bacteria did what the wild pathogens did: a set of unrelated changes that changed little pre-existing systems. Nothing really new was produced. There were no new protein-protein interactions, no new molecular mechanisms... and some bacterial groups lost their ability to repair DNA. One of the most beneficial mutations seen was that which occurred via replication in separate colonies, and resulted in bacteria losing their ability to make ribose sugar, a part of RNA. Another change is a change in an organized gene called spoT, a gene that collectively affects the work of fifty-nine other genes, increasing or decreasing their effectiveness. One possible explanation for the net good effect of this terrible mutation is that it disrupted the energy-consuming genes that make the bacterial whip, saving some energy on the cell. But breaking down some genes and disabling others didn't make anything new. After a while, the beneficial changes from the experiment faded away. “The fact that malaria has a billion times greater chance of doing so has given a very similar pattern to much simpler studies of Escherichia coli, which strongly suggests that this is all Darwinism can do.” In 2010, Behe published a paper, "Experimental Evolution, Mutations (Loss of Function) and (The First Role of Adaptive Evolution)", in the Biological Review Quarterly.2 This article helped explain why we are not aware of the evolution of new protein functions. After reviewing many studies in bacterial and virological evolution, Behe concluded that most micro- and micro-level adaptations "result from the loss or modification of an already existing molecular function." In other words, Darwinian evolution is supposedly advancing at the expense of weak resistance, but what Behe found is that organisms are far from evolving by losing existing biochemical functions, compared to their proximity to evolution by acquiring new ones. Behe thus concluded that "the rate of onset of adaptive mutation that may arise from the reduction or elimination of protein activity may be 100 to 1000 times greater than the rate of onset of adaptive mutation requiring specific gene changes." This finding shows that molecular evolution faces many problems. Because the likelihood of loss (or decrease) of function logically requires that the molecular functions in the evolutionary population be depleted as a result of loss or decrease of function. This is exactly the opposite of what evolution assumes. The theory of evolution assumes that all living forms are created by regression with modification from a common ancestor, so that all the vital functions that exist today in the world of life are acquired by mutations from which the mechanism of natural selection stabilizes the good. 1 Michael Behe, The Edge of Evolution: The Search for Darwinian Boundaries, Brahin Center January 2019, p.152. (2) Michael J. Behe, “Experimental Evolution, Loss-of-Function Mutations, and ‘The First Rule of Adaptive Evolution,’” The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 85(4):1-27 (December 2010). - Management of the Brahin Center — Source: Brahin Center website - Published on 2018-10-13 (archived at the Internet Archive) https://braheen.com/articles/evolution-design/جائزة-نوبل-في-الكمياء-2018-تطور-أم-تصميم؟-4