Principles of biochemistry (1): structure of nucleic acids

*Disclaimer: In this series, we will introduce Dr. Michael Behe, from his book Supplement (Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemistry Challenge of Evolution) Structure of nucleic acids Nucleic acids, such as proteins, are polymers (capacitors) composed of a few building blocks called nucleotides, and the nucleotide itself is composed of many parts, the first of which is sugars (carbohydrates) and is either ribose sugar as in RNA or hypoxic ribose sugar as in DNA. Ribose is bound to one of four bases, adenine (A) or cytosine (A). Phosphate. The polysaccharide phosphate in the nucleotide is repeated in the large polymer giving it a spine similar to that of the protein backbone composed of amino acids, and the remaining base mimics the lateral amino chains. Just as the lateral chains determine the amino acid, the nucleotides differ from each other mainly associated with it. A nucleotide can be associated with the phosphate group interaction of one nucleotide with the other hydroxyl group 3 of the end nucleotide on its sugar (see Figure A.3). This leaves three free phosphorous groups on one end that can later bind to another nucleotide, and the replication of this process generates a long, polynucleotide chain of several nucleotides. Cell RNA exists as a single energy chain, and there are many types of RNA called mRNA, and members of this type are considered the faithful copy of the genes in the DNA, where the inherited information is carried to be translated into the protein synthesis device, and the protein is synthesized. The second type is ribosomal RNA, a polypeptide bound to a large number of different proteins to form ribosomes, which is the basic machine for making proteins. The last basic type of RNA is called transport RNA (tRNA), and its members are somewhat shorter, consisting of 70 to 90 nucleotides. It acts as a link between the messenger RNA and the protein produced by ribosomes. Cellular DNA exists as a double-stranded strand of two undivided T-nucleotide chains that, like the popular double-stranded helix, are strongly related to each other by hydrogen bonds, and to understand why, we need to take a look at the structure of the nucleotide bases (Figure M-3). In the cell, where G is on the power, C is on the second power, and where A is, T is on the opposite power, and vice versa. So two strands of DNA complement each other, and for the correct orientation of hydrogen bond formation the two energies must be opposite-directional, one from end 5’ to end 3’ – from left to right – and the other from end 3’ to end 5’ – from right to left. DNA in eukaryotic cells is made up of two complementary linear energies, but DNA in many bacteria is made up of – and, surprisingly, energy. The amount of DNA in cells varies greatly according to the complexity of the organism, as germs only have a number of millions of nucleotides; but the amount of DNA in the eukaryotic cell ranges from 10 million at breakfast to a few hundred billion in some flowering plants, and humans come in the range of three billion nucleotides. Grease and polysaccharides. There are two basic classes of biomolecules: lipids and polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are polymers of sugar molecules or their derivatives, and play different roles. They can be used as building materials, such as cellulose in wood plants and trees; and as energy stores, such as glycogen, which is stored in the liver. — Source: Published on Facebook's "Braheen Center" page https://www.facebook.com/braheen.org/posts/pfbid02YnxnsmyiHZKJCuEVneN1WrUxXmhnJRh9LGgWYE4BoURT8LRbS9jrSaiD7Cdvy82Vl